Science -- Chapter 9 Study Guide: Seed Plants
All seed plants have vascular tissue and produce seeds.
A seed has three parts: embryo, stored food, and seed coat.
Photosynthesis occurs mainly in the leaves. Stems support the plant and transport water and materials through the plant. Roots anchor the plant and absorb nutrients.
Leaves have an outer protective layer. The underside of leaves has small pores, called stoma. These stoma open and close to help the plant control water loss and the passage of gases into and out of the leaves.
Stems can be either herbaceous or woody.
There are two types of vascular tissue – phloem and xylem. Phloem carries food from the leaves. Xylem carries water and other materials from the roots.
Transpiration is the process of water loss through a plant’s leaves. Plants control water loss by closing the stomata.
Some plants have taproots which grow straight down. Other plants have fibrous root systems that branch out, forming a tangled mass of roots very close to the surface.
All gymnosperms produce naked seeds. Many have needle-like or scale-like leaves, and deep root systems.
There are four groups or “families” of gymnosperms: Cycads, Gingkos, Gnetophytes, and Conifers.
Gymnosperm reproduction happens in two stages. First pollen falls onto the female cone. Then an egg cell and a sperm cell join. The zygote develops into the seed’s embryo.
Angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
Angiosperms reproduce when pollen falls onto the stigma of the flower. The sperm cell and egg cell join in the ovule. The zygote develops into the seed’s embryo which becomes the fruit.
There are two types of angiosperms: monocots and dicots. Monocots have seeds with a single seed leaf. Dicots have two seed leaves. Monocots have leaves with parallel veins, and flower parts in threes. Dicots show leaves with a branching pattern in their veins. Their flower parts are found in fours or fives.
A tropism is a plant’s growth response toward or away from a stimulus. Plants respond to light, touch, and gravity.
Plant hormones (like auxin) control tropisms and many other plant functions.
Vocabulary:
Phloem
Xylem
Seed
Embryo
Cotyledon
Germination
Stomata
Transpiration
Cambium
Root cap
Gymnosperm
Cone
Pollen
Ovule
Pollination
Angiosperm
Ovary
Flower
Petal
Sepal
Stamen
Pistil
Fruit
Monocot
Dicot
Tropism
Hormone
Auxin
Identify and be able to label the parts of the flower --
Identify and distinguish monocots (long narrow leaves, veins follow and parallel the leaf, flower parts in threes or multiples of three), and dicots (wide, flat leaves, veins in a branching pattern, flower parts in fours or fives):
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